Education financing of education loan system in Phillipine (03)
Education degrees and loan in Philippines
Today majority of the governments in developing countries are under great pressure to restrain public spending on higher education, education loan, student loans, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university. The structural adjustment programs favored by the IMF and World Bank emphasize reduction in public expenditure, largely because of budget deficits and external debts. It is this state of affairs that has prompted many countries to search for alternative sources other than the public treasury. In the context of higher education, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university degrees advocacy of private financing has become increasingly common, while the measures for effective cost recovery and private investment too have emerged as an accepted tool. But there are already a few selected developing countries where the role of private sector financing in higher education, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university, education loan, student loan has been strong for decades. One of them and foremost among these is the Philippines where private higher education like education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university has been an important and accepted part of national policy since pre- independence.Higher education, education degrees, online college degrees, online masters degrees, online university degrees in the Philippines is distinctive in many aspects, and among all its features, the role of the private sector of education is the most interesting to know. The Philippine university, online university, online collge degrees system has been modelled after that of the United States’ model, despite the country’s vastly different cultural, political and economic realities (Smolicz, 2002).Among its other features, the Philippines continues to have one of the shortest pre-entry systems1 in the world, resulting in younger and less educated students in the system when compared to other countries in Asia. The transition rate between secondary and higher education is about 90 percent, which is exceptionally high, owing to the strong demand for higher education among parents for their children. The gross enrolment ratio/participation in education ratio is about 23percet.Higher education in the Philippines is also overwhelmingly private that it is conventionally discussed in terms of more meaningful subdivisions: proprietary, sectarian, and non-profit2 The present study of Philippine privately financed and managed higher education, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university tries to look at the prominent features of Philippine private higher education, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university through its history, and to examine the issues of equity, efficiency and quality in order to bring out some policy implications for the emerging private higher education, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university system in India.
Private Institutions and Their Characteristics
The private higher education, online college degrees, online universities, online masters degrees, education degrees sector of the Philippines is proportionally larger than that of any major country. Nearly 88 percent of the institutions are privately owned and managed without subsidies from the government, and 67 percent of all students are enrolled in private higher education, online colleges degrees, online university degrees, online ,masters degrees, education degrees institutions. The enrolment in various programs clearly reflects that higher education in the Philippines is determined largely by market forces and the dominant private higher education, education degrees, online colleges, online university, online masters degrees institutions are there in response to student demand for different programs (Tan,1995).The trend, however, shows a decline in the share of private education in terms of total enrolments, as the public sector has grown. The number of private higher education, online colleges, online universities, education degrees, online masters degrees institutions has increased at an average annual rate of about 3 percent since 1995.One of the most basic features of mass private higher education in the Philippines from its period of development till the present is an extreme reliance upon tuition revenues, even though they depend predominantly upon a student client that is by no means healthy. Dependence on revenues from tuition and other fees ranges from a high of 97 percent to 82 percent. The income from other private sources does not contribute significantly to total income. Personal services including salaries and wages are the largest component of recurring costs, and it ranges from 41 to 84 percent across various institutions. The maintenance and operating costs (inclusive of general and administrative overhead expenses) range between 11 to 46 percent.The private institutions are concentrated and dispersed. There are large clusters of private institutions in the cities, this means they are still founded on commercial bases (Balmores, 1990). This has led to pronounced concentration of private institutions in urban areas such as Metro Manila, Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog and Western Visayas .The remarkable access to higher education, education degrees, online masters degree, online colleges degrees, nevertheless has its negative aspects. The private institutions also have a wide diversity of standards of education, from the highest to the lowest. While only selected private institutions are comparable to the best of the state institutions (University of Philippines), the bulk of the additional student places are of inferior quality.
History of Private Higher Education in the Philippines
The historical origin of higher education, online degrees, online college degrees, online university degrees, education degrees in the Philippines can be traced in its proper form to the Spanish regime. The educational policies, educational loans, student loan initiated by the Spanish kings were carried out by the religious orders that came to the Philippines. Higher education, online college degrees, online masters degrees, online education degrees, education degrees during the Spanish regime was represented by the University of Santo Tomas (UST) and for over two centuries the UST remained the source of manpower training (Bazaco, 1939).With the inception of the American regime (1898-1946) a radically different school system was set up. The Americans transplanted their own kind of education system in the Philippines (its new Asian colony) because of their non-familiarity with Philippine socio-economic and cultural problems. American history, geography and literature became major curricular offerings. On the one hand, the government was evolving the public school system, and on the other hand Filipino leaders and educators3 realized the need to establish private institutions in order to provide an education distinctively Filipino in orientation.The lifting of clerical control over education at a time when the educational horizons of Filipinos were rapidly widening led to diverse public initiatives in founding institutions. Almost all of these ventures began as elementary or secondary education schools and subsequently developed into colleges or universities, online universities, online colleges, online masters dgrees, education degrees. Along with the public institutions set up by Americans, private individuals, with an objective to preserve the Filipino culture, established many private Filipino centres of learning4 (Hayden, 1942). With the approval of the constitution of the commonwealth in 1935, a more clear-cut policy concerning the relations between the government and the private schools and colleges came about. The constitution specifically provided that all educational institutions like education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university should be subject to regulation and supervision by the state. The Office of Private Education, headed by a Director, was established.In 1941, with the outbreak of the World War II and for more than three years of the Japanese occupation of the country, there was no attempt by the Japanese government to foster the growth of educational institutions, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university. Instead, they wrecked the towns and cities, including educational establishments. They stampeded into schools, colleges and universities as soon as hostilities ended on September 2, 1945 (Isidro and Ramos, 1973).Thus, both physically and morally, the nation was prostrate after the Japanese regime. To rebuild the economy and restore educational institutions, Filipinos sought and received United States assistance. The contribution of Filipino private educators also began establishing new private universities and colleges5 .The simultaneous features in the post independence period i.e., increased private demand for higher education, education loan, student loans, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university and scarce resources of the government, led to the self momentum of the higher education, education loan, student loans, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university sector towards the private sector. The economic reconstruction remained the priority of the state; the state hardly considered the education sector as a part of its new order. Inevitably,higher education, education loan, student loans, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university fell into the hands of the private sector and it began taking shape with private resources.
The historical origin of higher education, online degrees, online college degrees, online university degrees, education degrees in the Philippines can be traced in its proper form to the Spanish regime. The educational policies, educational loans, student loan initiated by the Spanish kings were carried out by the religious orders that came to the Philippines. Higher education, online college degrees, online masters degrees, online education degrees, education degrees during the Spanish regime was represented by the University of Santo Tomas (UST) and for over two centuries the UST remained the source of manpower training (Bazaco, 1939).With the inception of the American regime (1898-1946) a radically different school system was set up. The Americans transplanted their own kind of education system in the Philippines (its new Asian colony) because of their non-familiarity with Philippine socio-economic and cultural problems. American history, geography and literature became major curricular offerings. On the one hand, the government was evolving the public school system, and on the other hand Filipino leaders and educators3 realized the need to establish private institutions in order to provide an education distinctively Filipino in orientation.The lifting of clerical control over education at a time when the educational horizons of Filipinos were rapidly widening led to diverse public initiatives in founding institutions. Almost all of these ventures began as elementary or secondary education schools and subsequently developed into colleges or universities, online universities, online colleges, online masters dgrees, education degrees. Along with the public institutions set up by Americans, private individuals, with an objective to preserve the Filipino culture, established many private Filipino centres of learning4 (Hayden, 1942). With the approval of the constitution of the commonwealth in 1935, a more clear-cut policy concerning the relations between the government and the private schools and colleges came about. The constitution specifically provided that all educational institutions like education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university should be subject to regulation and supervision by the state. The Office of Private Education, headed by a Director, was established.In 1941, with the outbreak of the World War II and for more than three years of the Japanese occupation of the country, there was no attempt by the Japanese government to foster the growth of educational institutions, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university. Instead, they wrecked the towns and cities, including educational establishments. They stampeded into schools, colleges and universities as soon as hostilities ended on September 2, 1945 (Isidro and Ramos, 1973).Thus, both physically and morally, the nation was prostrate after the Japanese regime. To rebuild the economy and restore educational institutions, Filipinos sought and received United States assistance. The contribution of Filipino private educators also began establishing new private universities and colleges5 .The simultaneous features in the post independence period i.e., increased private demand for higher education, education loan, student loans, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university and scarce resources of the government, led to the self momentum of the higher education, education loan, student loans, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university sector towards the private sector. The economic reconstruction remained the priority of the state; the state hardly considered the education sector as a part of its new order. Inevitably,higher education, education loan, student loans, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university fell into the hands of the private sector and it began taking shape with private resources.
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