Education degrees and Education loan

Introduction
This booklet is one of a series of five that focus on education in the developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The other four booklets  focus  on  education  policy,  management  and  administration, quality, and equity and access, education loan, student loans, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university.  To some extent, the foci of these booklets overlap. For example, most improvements in the quality  of education, education loan, student loans, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university require some  finance,  while  most  decisions  on  the  financing  of  education  have implications for equity and access. Because of this overlap, the booklets can usefully be read in conjunction with each other. However, the booklets have been designed as freestanding works which can also be read independently.

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Like the other booklets, this one is primarily concerned with   formal kindergarten, school, technical/vocational, and higher education, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university systems. The work is concerned not only with government financing of education but also with various forms of private, household, and community financing. Comments are made on distance education, especially at the tertiary level. However, the focus  does  not  include   training  given  by  companies   for  their  workers, supplementary  adult  education  classes,  or  the  majority  of  other  kinds  of nonformal and informal education.

While the significance of the topic might be self-evident, its importance deserves to be made explicit. All societies confront basic questions about the scale, nature, and balance of education financing, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university, education loan, student loans. They must decide on the volume  of  resources  to  allocate  to  education  activities;  identify  ways  to generate those resources; and consider methods to maximize cost-effectiveness in education, education loan, student loans, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university investment. Because these basic challenges confront  all societies, they  provide  a thread  of commonality throughout  the region  and throughout the booklet.

The  study  begins  by  presenting  some  background  information  on  the countries on which the analysis particularly focuses, on groups of  countries, and on the Asian and Pacific region as a whole. It then turns to the scale of education  and  the  volume  of  expenditures,  noting  the   balance  between government and  nongovernment  inputs,  and  commenting  on changes  over time.

The next section turns to matters of unit costs and their determinants. it presents information  on differences  between and within levels of  education, and discusses the policy implications of these differences. This is followed by a summary of the debate on the respective roles of government and private sectors in the education sector. In turn, this discussion leads to commentary on trends in cost sharing and revenue generation at the system and institutional levels. The following section notes the scale and orientation of external aid for education in some countries. The penultimate part looks at different strategies for  different  groups  of  countries,  while  the  last  section  summarizes  and concludes.



Contextual Features
Political  systems.  Some  states  (PRC,  Lao  People's   Democratic Republic [Lao PDR], and Vietnam) remain officially  committed to a socialist  ideology,  while  others  (e.g.,  Cambodia,  Kyrgyz  Republic, Mongolia) have officially abandoned socialism,  and yet others (e.g., Fiji Islands, Malaysia, Philippines ) have  always had capitalist societies. Political ideology has major  implications  for  the  structure  of education financing, education degrees, online degrees, online masters degree, online colleges, online university, education loan, student loans.

Religion. In some parts of the region the dominant religion is Christianity  (e.g.,  Philippines ,   Vanuatu);   in   others   it   is   Islam   (e.g. Indonesia, Malaysia); elsewhere it is Buddhism  (e.g., Myanmar,  Sri Lanka), while  in one  (India),  Hinduism is  a  major  force.  In  other countries, religion  has largely  ceased  to be an important  factor  in society but has recently shown signs of resurgence  (e.g., the PRC, Mongolia). Religious affiliations may have implications for the nature of sponsoring  bodies  for education  institutions,  and  for aspects  of community financing.

Geography.  Some  parts  of the region  are very  densely  populated (e.g., Hong Kong, China; Singapore), while others are sparsely populated (e.g., Kiribati, Mongolia). Again, some  countries are scattered archipelagos  (e.g.,  Indonesia,  Solomon  Islands ),  while  others  are basically single blocks of land (e.g., Bangladesh, Pakistan). Popula- tion  density  influences  the  ease  with  which  institutions, online university or online colleges   can  gain economies  of  scale, while  the  existence  or  absence  of  scattered islands is a determinant of the primary means of communication.